Медиа-запросы css

Media Queries For Menus

In this example, we use media queries to create a responsive navigation menu, that varies
in design on different screen sizes.

Large screens:

Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3

Small screens:

Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3

Example

/* The navbar container */.topnav { overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;}/* Navbar links */.topnav a {  float:
left;  display: block;  color:
white;  text-align: center;  padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;}
/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make the menu links stack on top
of each other instead of next to each other */@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {

.topnav a {    float: none;    width:
100%;  }}

Что такое медиа-запрос?

Медиа-запрос — это способ контролировать представление контента. Он состоит из типа и минимум одного выражения, которое проверяет выполнение условий для указанных характеристик устройства.

Как уже было сказано, в настоящее время широко реализована поддержка двух типов: «screen» и «print«.

При наличии условных выражений контент может выводиться по-разному для различных типов устройств, без ущерба для содержимого.

Как определить медиа-запрос?

Простой медиа-запрос может быть определен в HTML следующим образом:

<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="myexample.css" />

В приведенном выше примере, мы указали, что для типа медиа «print» браузер пользователя должен использовать таблицу стилей myexample.css.

То же самое может быть объявлено как @import-правило в CSS:

@import url(myexample.css) print;

Когда браузер пользователя обрабатывает приведенный выше медиа-запрос, он определяет, текущий тип медиа — print или нет. Если да, то будет применяться таблица стилей «myexample.css«. Следовательно, вывод медиа-запросов можно организовать в зависимости от выполняемых условий.

Если тип устройств не задан или задано значение ‘all‘, то стили будут применяться для всех типов медиа.

Например:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="myexample.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="myexample.css" />

В приведенном выше примере, стили будет применяться как для типа ‘print‘, так и для типа ‘screen‘. Это эквивалентные объявления. Как и следующий CSS-код:

@media all { … }
@media { … }

Медиа-запросы могут быть объединены в сложные медиа-запросы:

<link rel="stylesheet" media="print, projection" href="myexample.css" />

Этот запрос также может быть объявлен следующим образом:

@media print, projection { … }

Медиа-запросы также поддерживают логическое выражение NOT, используя ключевое слово «NOT«:

<link rel="stylesheet" media="not print, screen" href="myexample.css" />

В приведенном выше примере мы указали, что стили не будут применяться к типу ‘print‘, а только к типу ‘screen‘.

Характеристики устройств, которые можно указать в медиа-запросах

color;
color-index;
device-aspect-ratio;
device-height;
device-width;
grid;
height;
monochrome;
resolution;
scan;
width.

Завершение

Из этой статьи вы узнали о медиа-запросах CSS3. Я надеюсь, что вы нашли эту информацию полезной для себя.

Данная публикация является переводом статьи «Understanding CSS3 Media Queries» , подготовленная редакцией проекта.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C’s role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.

Please see the Working Group’s implementation report
and the Media Queries Test Suite.

Also see the Disposition of comments and a relative to the previous Proposed Recommendation.

Publication as a W3C Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by the CSS
Working Group (part of the Style Activity).

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains must disclose the information in accordance with .

This document is the same as the previous, Proposed Recommendation version: except for the style sheet, editorial changes to the front matter such as the title and date, and removal of the older changes section.

Syntax

The media query syntax is described in terms of the CSS2 grammar. As such,
rules not defined here are defined in CSS2. The
production defined below replaces the
production from CSS2.

media_query_list
 : S* * ]?
 ;
media_query
 : ? S* media_type S* *
 | expression *
 ;
media_type
 : IDENT
 ;
expression
 : '(' S* media_feature S* ? ')' S*
 ;
media_feature
 : IDENT
 ;

COMMENT tokens, as defined by CSS2, do not occur in the grammar (to keep
it readable), but any number of these tokens may appear anywhere between
other tokens.

The following new definitions are introduced:

L  l|\\0{0,4}(4c|6c)(\r\n|)?|\\l
Y  y|\\0{0,4}(59|79)(\r\n|)?|\\y

The following new tokens are introduced:

{O}{N}{L}{Y}      {return ONLY;}
{N}{O}{T}         {return NOT;}
{A}{N}{D}         {return AND;}
{num}{D}{P}{I}    {return RESOLUTION;}
{num}{D}{P}{C}{M} {return RESOLUTION;}

is to be added to the CSS2
production.

CSS style sheets are generally case-insensitive, and this is also the
case for media queries.

In addition to conforming to the syntax, each media query needs to use
media types and media features according to their respective specification
in order to be considered conforming.

Only the first media query is conforming in the example below because
the «example» media type does not exist.

3.1. Error Handling

For media queries that are not conforming user agents need to follow the
rules described in this section.

Unknown media types. Unknown media types evaluate to
false. Effectively, they are treated identically to known media types
that do not match the media type of the device.

The media query «» will evaluate to false, unless
is actually a supported media type. Similarly,
«» will evaluate to true.

Unknown media types are distinct from media types that do
not actually match the IDENT production. Those fall under the malformed
media query clause.
Unknown media features. User agents are to represent
a media query as «» when one of the specified media
features is not known.

In this example, the first media query will be represented as
«» and evaluate to false and the second media query
is evaluated as if the first had not been specified, effectively.

Is represented as «» because the ‘’ feature does not accept the
‘’ prefix.
Unknown media feature values. As with unknown media
features, user agents are to represent a media query as «» when one of the specified media feature values is not known.

The media query specifies an unknown
value for the ‘’ media feature
and is therefore represented as «».

This media query is represented as «» because
negative lengths are not allowed for the ‘’ media feature:
Malformed media query. User agents are to handle
unexpected tokens encountered while parsing a media query by reading
until the end of the media query, while observing of (), [], {}, «», and », and correctly
handling escapes. Media queries with unexpected tokens are represented
as «».

The following is an malformed media query because having no space
between ‘’ and the expression is
not allowed. (That is reserved for the functional notation syntax.)

Media queries are expected to follow the error handling rules of the
host language as well.

… will not apply because the semicolon terminates the
rule in CSS.

Media Queries For Columns

A common use of media queries, is to create a flexible layout. In this example, we create a layout that varies between four, two and full-width columns, depending on different screen sizes:

Large screens:

Medium screens:

Small screens:

Example

/* Create four equal columns that floats next to each other */.column {
float: left; width: 25%;}/* On screens that are 992px
wide or less, go from
four columns to two columns */@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
.column { width: 50%; }}/* On screens that are
600px wide or less, make
the columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .column { width:
100%; }}

Tip: A more modern way of creating column layouts, is to use CSS Flexbox (see example below).
However, it is not supported in Internet Explorer 10 and earlier versions. If you require IE6-10 support, use floats (as shown above).

To learn more about the Flexible Box Layout Module, read our CSS Flexbox chapter.

To learn more about Responsive Web Design, read our Responsive Web Design Tutorial.

Example

/* Container for flexboxes */.row { display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;}/* Create four equal columns */.column { flex: 25%;
padding: 20px;}/* On screens that are 992px wide or less, go from
four columns to two columns */@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
.column { flex: 50%; }}/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make
the columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .row {
flex-direction: column; }}

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Another Breakpoint

You can add as many breakpoints as you like.

We will also insert a breakpoint between tablets and mobile phones.

Desktop

Tablet

Phone

We do this by adding one more media query (at 600px), and a set of new classes for devices larger than 600px
(but smaller than 768px):

Example

Note that the two sets of classes are almost identical, the only
difference is the name ( and ):

/* For mobile phones: */ { width: 100%;}@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {

/* For tablets: */ .col-s-1 {width: 8.33%;} .col-s-2 {width: 16.66%;}
.col-s-3 {width: 25%;} .col-s-4 {width: 33.33%;} .col-s-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-s-6 {width: 50%;} .col-s-7 {width: 58.33%;} .col-s-8 {width: 66.66%;}
.col-s-9 {width: 75%;} .col-s-10 {width: 83.33%;} .col-s-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-s-12 {width: 100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:
768px) { /* For desktop: */ .col-1 {width: 8.33%;} .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
.col-3 {width: 25%;} .col-4 {width: 33.33%;} .col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-6 {width: 50%;} .col-7 {width: 58.33%;} .col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
.col-9 {width: 75%;} .col-10 {width: 83.33%;} .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}}

It might seem odd that we have two sets of identical classes, but it gives us the
opportunity in HTML, to decide what will happen with the columns at each
breakpoint:

HTML Example

For desktop:

The first and the third section will both span 3 columns each. The middle section will span 6 columns.

For tablets:

The first section will span 3 columns, the second will span 9, and the third section will be displayed below the first two sections, and it will span 12 columns:

Add a Breakpoint

Earlier in this tutorial we made a web page with rows and columns, and it
was responsive, but it did not look good on a small screen.

Media queries can help with that. We can add a breakpoint where
certain parts of the design will behave differently on each side of the
breakpoint.

Desktop

Phone

Use a media query to add a breakpoint at 768px:

Example

When the screen (browser window) gets smaller than 768px, each column should have a width of 100%:

/* For desktop: */.col-1 {width: 8.33%;}.col-2 {width: 16.66%;}.col-3 {width: 25%;}
.col-4 {width: 33.33%;}.col-5 {width: 41.66%;}.col-6 {width: 50%;}
.col-7 {width: 58.33%;}.col-8 {width: 66.66%;}.col-9 {width: 75%;}
.col-10 {width: 83.33%;}.col-11 {width: 91.66%;}.col-12 {width:
100%;}@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { /* For mobile phones: */

{ width: 100%; }}

References

Normative references

Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style
Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. 7 June
2011. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607

Other references

Dave Raggett; Arnaud Le Hors; Ian Jacobs. HTML 4.01
Specification. 24 December 1999. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224

Ian Hickson. HTML5.
29 March 2012. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-html5-20120329/

G. Klyne; L. McIntyre. Content Feature Schema
for Internet Fax. March 1999. Internet RFC 2531. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2531.txt

James Clark; Simon Pieters; Henry S. Thompson Associating Style Sheets
with XML documents 1.0 (Second Edition) 28 October 2010. W3C
Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/REC-xml-stylesheet-20101028/

CSS Syntax

@media not|only mediatype and (mediafeature and|or|not
mediafeature) { CSS-Code;}

meaning of the not, only and and keywords:

not: The not keyword inverts the meaning of an entire media
query.

only: The only keyword prevents older browsers that do not support media queries with media features from applying the specified styles.
It has no effect on modern browsers.

and: The and keyword combines a media feature with a media
type or other media features.

They are all optional. However, if you use not or
only, you must also specify a media type.

You can also have different stylesheets for different media, like
this:

Ориентир на настольные ПК и max-width

Большая часть разработчиков до сих пор ориентируется только на пользователей ПК. Часто осознание ситуации приходит, когда становится ясно, сколько сил было потрачено впустую на компоненты для ПК, которые все реже востребованы из-за растущего числа мобильных пользователей. При анализе стилей подобных сайтов чаще всего встречается CSS media max width.

Если дизайн разрабатывался в первую очередь под настольные ПК, значит весь CSS должен быть насыщен объемным кодом для других ключевых точек (breakpoints). Если определенная ширина, заданная для ПК, является точкой отсчета, и мы не станем изменять и переписывать наш CSS, то вполне логично будет поменять в базовых стилях значения ширины окна просмотра на те, которые мы собираемся применять к экранам меньшего размера.

Вот пример, которым я часто пользуюсь (предполагая, что .related принимает форму боковой панели):

.content {
  width: 60%;
}

.related {
  width: 40%;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 37.4em) {
  .content,
  .related {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

Такой подход при использовании со множеством компонентов может существенно увеличить объем CSS завершенного проекта. Но так как блочные элементы по умолчанию занимают 100% ширины родительского элемента, то разумнее было бы прописать все следующим образом:

@media screen and (min-width: 37.5em) {
  .content {
    width: 60%;
  }

  .related {
    width: 40%;
  }
}

Здесь мы используем стандартное положение блочных элементов, и перекрываем их, когда это состояние требуется изменить. Чтобы лучше понять суть всего сказанного, нужно изучить рабочий код таких сайтов.

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Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
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CSS Text
Text Color
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Font Family
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Font Size
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Table Size
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Typical Device Breakpoints

There are tons of screens and devices with different heights and widths, so it is hard to create an exact breakpoint for each device. To keep things simple you could target
five groups:

Example

/*
Extra small devices (phones, 600px and down) */@media only screen and (max-width: 600px)
{…} /* Small devices (portrait tablets and large phones, 600px and up)
*/@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {…} /* Medium devices (landscape tablets, 768px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {…} /* Large devices (laptops/desktops, 992px and up)
*/
@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) {…} /* Extra large devices (large
laptops and desktops,
1200px and up) */@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) {…}

CSS Tutorial

CSS HOMECSS IntroductionCSS SyntaxCSS SelectorsCSS How ToCSS CommentsCSS Colors
Colors
RGB
HEX
HSL

CSS Backgrounds
Background Color
Background Image
Background Repeat
Background Attachment
Background Shorthand

CSS Borders
Borders
Border Width
Border Color
Border Sides
Border Shorthand
Rounded Borders

CSS Margins
Margins
Margin Collapse

CSS PaddingCSS Height/WidthCSS Box ModelCSS Outline
Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
Outline Shorthand
Outline Offset

CSS Text
Text Color
Text Alignment
Text Decoration
Text Transformation
Text Spacing
Text Shadow

CSS Fonts
Font Family
Font Web Safe
Font Fallbacks
Font Style
Font Size
Font Google
Font Pairings
Font Shorthand

CSS IconsCSS LinksCSS ListsCSS Tables
Table Borders
Table Size
Table Alignment
Table Style
Table Responsive

CSS DisplayCSS Max-widthCSS PositionCSS OverflowCSS Float
Float
Clear
Float Examples

CSS Inline-blockCSS AlignCSS CombinatorsCSS Pseudo-classCSS Pseudo-elementCSS OpacityCSS Navigation Bar
Navbar
Vertical Navbar
Horizontal Navbar

CSS DropdownsCSS Image GalleryCSS Image SpritesCSS Attr SelectorsCSS FormsCSS CountersCSS Website LayoutCSS UnitsCSS SpecificityCSS !important

Media Query Syntax

A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more
expressions, which resolve to either true or false.

@media not|only mediatype and (expressions) { CSS-Code;}

The result of the query is
true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is
being displayed on and all expressions in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are
applied, following the normal cascading rules.

Unless you use the not or only operators, the media type is optional and the
type will be implied.

You can also have different stylesheets for different media:

Abstract

HTML4 and CSS2 currently support media-dependent style sheets tailored
for different media types. For example, a document may use
sans-serif fonts when displayed on a screen and serif fonts when printed.
‘’ and ‘’ are two media types that have been defined.
Media queries extend the functionality of media types by allowing
more precise labeling of style sheets.

A media query consists of a media type and zero or more expressions that
check for the conditions of particular media features. Among the
media features that can be used in media queries are ‘’, ‘’, and ‘’. By using media queries, presentations can
be tailored to a specific range of output devices without changing the
content itself.

CSS Properties

align-contentalign-itemsalign-selfallanimationanimation-delayanimation-directionanimation-durationanimation-fill-modeanimation-iteration-countanimation-nameanimation-play-stateanimation-timing-functionbackface-visibilitybackgroundbackground-attachmentbackground-blend-modebackground-clipbackground-colorbackground-imagebackground-originbackground-positionbackground-repeatbackground-sizeborderborder-bottomborder-bottom-colorborder-bottom-left-radiusborder-bottom-right-radiusborder-bottom-styleborder-bottom-widthborder-collapseborder-colorborder-imageborder-image-outsetborder-image-repeatborder-image-sliceborder-image-sourceborder-image-widthborder-leftborder-left-colorborder-left-styleborder-left-widthborder-radiusborder-rightborder-right-colorborder-right-styleborder-right-widthborder-spacingborder-styleborder-topborder-top-colorborder-top-left-radiusborder-top-right-radiusborder-top-styleborder-top-widthborder-widthbottombox-decoration-breakbox-shadowbox-sizingbreak-afterbreak-beforebreak-insidecaption-sidecaret-color@charsetclearclipclip-pathcolorcolumn-countcolumn-fillcolumn-gapcolumn-rulecolumn-rule-colorcolumn-rule-stylecolumn-rule-widthcolumn-spancolumn-widthcolumnscontentcounter-incrementcounter-resetcursordirectiondisplayempty-cellsfilterflexflex-basisflex-directionflex-flowflex-growflex-shrinkflex-wrapfloatfont@font-facefont-familyfont-feature-settingsfont-kerningfont-sizefont-size-adjustfont-stretchfont-stylefont-variantfont-variant-capsfont-weightgapgridgrid-areagrid-auto-columnsgrid-auto-flowgrid-auto-rowsgrid-columngrid-column-endgrid-column-gapgrid-column-startgrid-gapgrid-rowgrid-row-endgrid-row-gapgrid-row-startgrid-templategrid-template-areasgrid-template-columnsgrid-template-rowshanging-punctuationheighthyphens@importisolationjustify-content@keyframesleftletter-spacingline-heightlist-stylelist-style-imagelist-style-positionlist-style-typemarginmargin-bottommargin-leftmargin-rightmargin-topmax-heightmax-width@mediamin-heightmin-widthmix-blend-modeobject-fitobject-positionopacityorderoutlineoutline-coloroutline-offsetoutline-styleoutline-widthoverflowoverflow-xoverflow-ypaddingpadding-bottompadding-leftpadding-rightpadding-toppage-break-afterpage-break-beforepage-break-insideperspectiveperspective-originpointer-eventspositionquotesresizerightrow-gapscroll-behaviortab-sizetable-layouttext-aligntext-align-lasttext-decorationtext-decoration-colortext-decoration-linetext-decoration-styletext-indenttext-justifytext-overflowtext-shadowtext-transformtoptransformtransform-origintransform-styletransitiontransition-delaytransition-durationtransition-propertytransition-timing-functionunicode-bidiuser-selectvertical-alignvisibilitywhite-spacewidthword-breakword-spacingword-wrapwriting-modez-index

Always Design for Mobile First

Mobile First means designing for mobile before designing for desktop or any
other device (This will make the page display faster on smaller devices).

This means that we must make some changes in our CSS.

Instead of changing styles when the width gets smaller than
768px, we should change the design when the width gets larger than
768px. This will make our design Mobile First:

Example

/* For mobile phones: */ { width: 100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:
768px) { /* For desktop: */ .col-1 {width: 8.33%;} .col-2 {width: 16.66%;} .col-3 {width: 25%;} .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;} .col-6 {width: 50%;} .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;} .col-9 {width: 75%;} .col-10 {width: 83.33%;} .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}}

Units

The units used in media queries are the same as in other parts of CSS.
For example, the pixel unit represents CSS pixels and not physical pixels.

Relative units in media queries are based on the initial value, which
means that units are never based on results of declarations. For example,
in HTML, the ‘’ unit is relative to
the initial value of ‘’.

6.1. Resolution

The ‘’ and ‘’ units describe the resolution of an output
device, i.e., the density of device pixels. Resolution unit identifiers
are:

dpi: dots per CSS ‘’
dpcm: dots per CSS ‘’

In this specification, these units are only used in the ‘’ media feature.

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Variables in Media Queries

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Min Width to Max Width

You can also use the values to set a minimum width and a maximum width.

For example, when the browser’s width is between 600 and 900px, change the
appearance of a <div> element:

Example

@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width: 600px) {  div.example {
font-size: 50px;    padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black;    background: yellow; }}

Using an additional value: In the example below, we add an additional media query to our already
existing one using a comma (this will behave like an OR operator):

Example

/* When the width is between 600px and 900px OR above 1100px
— change the appearance of <div> */@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width:
600px), (min-width:
1100px) {  div.example {
font-size: 50px;    padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black;    background: yellow; }}